What Are Scrum Ceremonies? (Agile & SAFe )

Scrum ceremonies are essential activities that assist Agile teams in planning, assessing, and improving the work that they undertake. These events create opportunities for interaction among team members and an atmosphere that enables control and modification of the team’s work.

Scrum processes such as 

• Sprint planning,
• Daily scrum,
• Sprint review, and
• Retrospective 

All are aimed at ensuring transparency, inspection, and adaptation.

Sprint planning establishes the goals and objectives of the sprint and defines methods for their implementation. The daily scrum is a chance to assess the progress of the team and the work plan for the following day. 

• Sprint Review: The team discusses the product increment.
• Sprint Retrospective: The team evaluates how it performed and improves its procedures. 

Thus, parts of the Scrum framework enable excellent planning and management of team activity.

The components of the Scrum framework outlined above are key components of Agile project management. However, the amount of Agile knowledge and abilities could be different for project managers and team members based on their experience and role responsibilities. It is important in this respect to get a basic understanding of Agile and Scrum principles via foundational  Agile and Scrum training, particularly for inexperienced professionals, newbies, and freshers. 

One can also choose to attend Scrum courses from our network of certified professionals and earn credentials such as:

• Certified Scrum Developer (CSD®)
• Certified Scrum Master (CSM®)
• Certified Scrum Product Owner (CSPO®)
• Advanced CSPO® Certification Course
• Professional Scrum Master™(PSM I)

Simpliaxis offers the above-mentioned courses on Agile/Scrum along with other training programs at various levels. 

How Scrum Ceremonies Fit Into SAFe?

When companies need to organize Agile delivery across different teams, Scrum rituals become even more important. The Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe®) builds on the ideas of Agile and Lean to help bigger businesses get their teams, products, and business goals in line with each other. SAFe adds more ways to coordinate at a large scale than Scrum events, which are more focused on team-level performance.

Iteration Planning, Daily Stand-ups, Iteration Reviews, and Iteration Retrospectives are some of the things that SAFe teams do. On a larger scale, PI planning enables multiple teams to aim at achieving similar objectives and facilitates them in laying out plans for executing their work within an Agile Release Train.

Professionals looking to expand their knowledge of Agile practices at an advanced level can enroll in Simpliaxis SAFe courses such as 

• AI-Empowered Leading SAFe® 6.0,
• AI-Empowered SAFe® Scrum Master,
• AI-Empowered SAFe® 6.0 Product Owner/Product Manager (POPM),
• SAFe® 6.0 Agile Product Management (APM), and
• SAFe® Practice Consultant (SPC). 

The different duties that come with using Agile concepts across an entire company are discussed by these classes.

Connecting Training With Recognized Agile Frameworks

The right certification for a professional depends on their job, experience, and career plans. Simpliaxis offers Agile and Scrum courses that are in line with well-known certifications. These include programs connected to Scrum Alliance, Scrum.org, Scaled Agile, and PMI. These include licenses for skills like Scrum Master, Product Owner, Developer, and more general Agile skills.

The understanding and execution of Scrum ceremonies are essential in both the learning journey into the world of Agile and Scrum, as well as advanced ways of doing them as part of a Scrum-specific exam preparation process, improving one’s advanced Scrum mastery, and transitioning to the implementation of SAFe practices at the corporate level. The events form the core of the Scrum framework’s empirical process, which supports the team members in establishing a continuous process of planning, collaboration, delivery, feedback collection, and refinement as part of operations following the Agile philosophy.

Why Scrum Ceremonies Matter for Agile Teams?

Scrum ceremonies play a vital role in being able to keep project teams agile, focused, unified, self-managed, and productive in each iteration. They also give a chance to examine our previous work, plan what to do ahead, respond to emerging concerns, and enhance team collaboration.

Daily scrum meetings are an effective way of boosting communication while identifying any issues. Supported by sprint planning, they enable participants to coordinate their contributions to broad goals and frame credible commitments on deliverables within the sprint. Sprint reviews are a moment to present stakeholders with the findings, get their opinion, and confirm that products fit stakeholder expectations.

Sprint retrospectives, meanwhile, help to find strengths, flaws, and areas of progress to design future practices and increase performance. In general, stated rituals foster characteristics like transparency, accountability, teamwork, adaptation, and others that help to achieve sustainable growth in agile teams.

What Is the Purpose of Scrum Ceremonies

For agile teams, Scrum ceremonies are extremely important for several reasons. They create opportunities for communication between team members, which leads to better collaboration, as well as help to plan which work should be carried out during the sprint and establish a common understanding of the sprint goal, in particular, within the team.

Another advantage of Scrum rituals is that they are transparent. This means that the team has an overview of its successes and can identify potential challenges in advance, thus eliminating the need for crisis management. Therefore, through the analysis and adjustment of specific events in the process, the team can ensure continuous improvement with each new iteration.

A scrum ceremony's main purpose is to:

• Improve openness and conversation.
• Allow for quick adjustment to change.
• Regularly turn in useful chunks of work. 

Who Participates in Scrum Ceremonies?

Scrum ceremonies are very important and need to be attended by everyone who needs to be there. Theproduct owner, the scrum master, and the whole Scrum team must all be involved in this broad participation.

The development team's participation is key to the success of the Scrum rituals. Interestingly, outside stakeholders have sometimes been invited, though only a few people have been able to attend. Even though it doesn't happen very often, this shows how open and collaborative Scrum events are at their core.

The identified communication method will ensure that there is a say for every stakeholder in the current product list, as well as help the Scrum team get feedback to clarify any questions. The process of Scrum is similar to a question-and-answer session, which allows all participants to understand user expectations and objectives of the upcoming sprint.

The Five Scrum Ceremonies Explained

Sprint Planning

The Scrum team consists of the product owner, the Scrum master, and the developers, and all of them are at the sprint planning. The team is introduced to the product backlog by the product owner, who also answers any queries regarding it. The scrum master watches, makes sure that any questions are answered, and runs the meeting to make sure it goes well. Once the development team has communicated to the scrum master and product owner, it should figure out what it can actually deliver and use that to make a sprint forecast.

Daily Scrum

Everyone working on the sprint backlogis welcome to the daily scrum. The scrum master facilitates the event and ensures it remains inside the 15-minute time box, but they don’t have to be present. Product owners and other partners don’t have to be present and might even be a hindrance to the aims of the meeting. The developers should be careful not to use the meeting as a time to report or give updates on the project. The main thing that needs to be looked at is how far along the sprint goal is and how far along the work in the sprint backlog is getting done.

Sprint Review

The Scrum team and key partners called by the product owner must be present at the Sprint Review. The people that the product owner invites may change from sprint to sprint based on what the new product update is about. All Scrum team members must go because it's the most important place for stakeholders to give feedback. This way, everyone can hear the same information firsthand and be ready to answer questions about the sprint and product step as needed

Sprint Retrospective

The retrospective is the meeting for the improvement of the Scrum team's processes. All team members must participate in the meeting. This is not only the engineers and the scrum master. But the product owner too. In this manner, the meeting will serve to nurture the team’s accountability and openness and establish a feeling of joint responsibility. Moreover, a person not from the Scrum team should not attend the meeting because this would create a sense of insecurity and undermine the possibility of developing a free, open exchange of ideas and opinions within the group.

Product Backlog Refinement

The last step is product backlog refinement, also known as backlog grooming. The objective of this Scrum meeting is to clean up the mess and establish priorities. The product owner, along with some (or all) of the team members, reviews the list of items during this meeting.

Although this ceremony can last for as long as the team members want, it is better to limit this to only one hour per week spent on improving the product backlog. Some teams choose to groom their backlog to ensure that they have the best chances of sprint planning success since the meeting for reviewing backlog items usually transitions into the meeting for planning.

How Do Scrum Ceremonies Fit into the Sprint Lifecycle?

During a sprint, the events of Scrum help the agile team focus on how the team plans, delivers, reviews, and improves their work. There is value in each ceremony, and all of them help the team keep focus on the sprint goal.

First, a Sprint Planning meeting is when the team goes through the product backlog, sets priorities, and makes plans for the work needed to meet the sprint goal. The daily scrum is a quick meeting when the team discusses what occurred, what will happen, and what barriers have been encountered.

A Sprint Review is conducted at the conclusion of a sprint to demonstrate to stakeholders what work has been completed and to obtain input that may influence future sprints. Finally, the Sprint Retrospective is a ritual when the team reviews the previous sprint, evaluating what went well, what didn’t, and what might be done differently. Scrum consists of these four main events that allow the team to operate in a repetitive cycle of planning, delivery, feedback, and improvement.

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Scrum Ceremony Timeboxes: How Long Should Each Meeting Run?

Time Limits and Duration

There is a suggested time for each of the described rites. A close following of the recommended limits will help to maintain high energy and productivity throughout the rituals. Below are the suggested hours for a 2-week-long sprint:

• Four-hour session for sprint planning meeting
• Fifteen-minute daily stand-ups
• Two-hour sprint review
• One and a half hours for a sprint retrospective

Sprints of a longer or shorter duration may be planned according to an organization’s needs. However, it is vital to respect people’s time, so aim to keep the ritual within the suggested time limits by using timeboxing.

Plan and Format

If there is a clear idea of what is going to happen, it is simpler to take part in the process. Sprint reviews always begin with a live software demo and end with discussions with stakeholders. In the same way, some retrospectives use the Start, Stop, Continue framework or other variations to guide the conversation back to new ideas. Get inspired by this sample agenda for an effective and productive meeting:

• Helping remote employees or hybrid sprint situations
• The rituals depicted are in-person, although there are reasons why they may be virtual. The biggest difference is selecting the correct technologies for video conferencing, audio conferencing, and screen sharing.

When organizing meetings, time zones are particularly crucial to keep in mind. Polls, virtual rooms, and other methods for involvement may assist in increasing productivity. 

How to Run a Scrum Meeting?

Some rules need to be followed, and some consistency has to be maintained to have a good Scrum meeting. Having a fixed timetable will guarantee that the team meets together in a predictable and meaningful way and that the time that is set aside is honoured and utilized well. Although there are specific rules for each form of meeting, there are certain guidelines common to all types of meetings that must be followed to carry out talks in an efficient manner. 

• The first thing that is needed to do is decide why the meeting is happening.
• Secondly, it is important to keep the meeting duration short and accurate.
• Third, involvement should be encouraged.
• Finally, the findings have to be physically documented.

By following the guidelines below, one can communicate effectively in a short period and keep the team on the same page: 

Define the Purpose of the Meeting

To achieve this specific objective, it is important, before any meeting begins, to remind all participants of the aim of that particular session and what is to be achieved. That will guarantee the conversation stays constructive and relevant.

Keep Meeting Time Brief and to the Point

Time is money, particularly for set-budget and defined-deadline projects; thus, time constraints must be enforced. This means that only important items will be tabled for discussion.

Motivate Others to Join In

Scrum meetings should enable all team members to participate, i.e., all team members should have the ability to contribute to discussions. This rule is hard to overestimate in terms of its importance and usefulness. It helps to align the team’s view of the project and helps to discover new risks and possibilities.

Record Findings of Debate in Writing

All decisions and actions taken by the team must be documented, even if the meeting was brief. This will assist in keeping track of progress and keeping the team focused on the most critical tasks. 

What Are the Roles & Responsibilities in Scrum Ceremonies?

What are the three Scrum roles? These are the Product Owner, the Scrum Master, and the Development Team. There are certain things that have to be done for any work to make sure the project is effectively completed.

1. Product Owner

The Product Owner (PO) ensures that the product the Development Team is working on is as beneficial as it possibly can be. The major tasks are: 

• Defining the product strategy and vision
• Develop and maintain the product backlog
• Sort list items in order of importance to consumers and corporate objectives.
• Make sure the development team knows what to do.

Let’s take the Product Owner for an e-commerce site as an example. Customers’ comments will help them work out things like how to make the checkout process better for everyone. Then they will arrange the adjustments according to their impact on sales and user experience.

2. Scrum Master

The Scrum Master is the coach and leader of the Scrum Team. They are crucial to making sure people know and follow Scrum guidelines. Principal occupations are:

• Assisting the team to adhere to the norms and criteria of Scrum
• Eliminating elements that can slow down team development
• The practice of always improving
• Act as a bridge between the Product Owner and the development team
• A Scrum Master can do sprint retrospectives to uncover methods to improve things and help get things fixed fast if there are any issues, such as resource allocation, for example.

3. Development Team 

The Development Team is a group of professionals who work together to provide the product increment. The Development Team has the following traits:

• Each member of the team has a broad set of talents and can help in several ways.
• It's up to the team to find out how they're going to get their task done inside the sprint.
• Each sprint is a commitment to create a product of the highest quality.
• A software project is a collaboration of builders, testers, and UI/UX designers to complete user stories from the product backlog.

Why are Scrum ceremonies beneficial to projects?

The ceremonies that are part of Scrum help an agile team follow the main rules of Scrum. In a lot of ways, these meetings are very helpful for the software development team, such as:

• Making people more accountable. It is up to the development team to do the work that needs to be done during and after the sprint. Daily standups and sprint retrospective meetings help people take more responsibility.
• Making it possible for the team to work together and make choices based on their abilities and knowledge.
• Getting more feedback and insights that affect how much work the team does overall.
• As the members work together to find, lessen, and fix problems, they will talk to each other more.
• The team is getting closer because they meet every day for standup meetings.
• Looking back at the last sprint helps the team meet a shared goal and work together to get more done.
• Giving the agile teams the tools they need to handle themselves.

By regularly reviewing and updating Scrum meeting agendas, managers can improve software quality, build teams, and be ready for emergencies.

What Are the Common Mistakes in Scrum Ceremonies?

The objective of Scrum rituals is to enable Agile teams to prepare properly, discuss outcomes, gain feedback, and keep improving. But if teams don’t understand why they are occurring or approach them like normal meetings, they may be a simple way to squander time and not get anything done. Some common errors and beneficial approaches to correct them.

1. Turning the daily scrum into a progress meeting

The most widespread misconception is that the Daily Scrum is a time for workers to report to the Scrum Master or employer about what they are doing. This might cause members of the team to talk about what they did rather than working together.

How to do it right:

Don’t speak about anything other than the sprint objective. Team members should discuss their progress, the work planned for the next period, dependencies, and difficulties that need to be tackled collaboratively. The Daily Scrum doesn’t need to be a formal gathering of managers reporting on progress.

2. Taking on too much work, sprinting sprints

Sometimes, teams take on more work than they can realistically get done in a sprint. This might be because the team is under a lot of pressure to provide more, or they don’t plan for capacity, dependencies, or work that comes up out of the blue.

How to do it right:

Think about the team’s availability, prior performance, complexity, dependencies, and known hazards before selecting backlog items. The team should set a sensible sprint target instead of striving to complete as much work as possible.

3. Sprint planning is time-consuming

Without a defined sprint objective and agreement on what is most essential in the backlog, teams might spend a lot of time debating over individual tasks in Sprint Planning.

How to do it right: 

Before starting to plan, check if the Product Backlog is appropriate. First, make sure to understand the sprint target. Then speak about what is needed to achieve the objective. There might be other, more in-depth technical discussions that are unrelated to the selected option.

4. Delivering a formal presentation of the Sprint Review

Some teams demo completed features at the Sprint Review, and stakeholders listen in silence. Those who could have said anything and looked at the products wasted their opportunity.

How to do it right:

Work on the review. Show the working increment. Discuss the status of the product aim. Ask the companions what they think.

5. Running retrospectives with no follow-up

If the team continues to uncover the same issues but takes no action, the review ceases to be effective. Talking about issues does not improve them.

How to do it right:

Pick some easy measures that can really perform to make a difference. Call out someone if appropriate, and then in retrospectives, review those behaviors and decisions to determine whether they had an impact.

6. Running rituals for too long

If participants are talking about off-topic stuff, the same things again and over, or not focused, Scrum ceremonies may drag on. “This can make people less interested and take time away from real development work.”

How to do it right:

Make sure to know what the objective of each ceremony is, and keep all discussions focused on that objective. If there's a topic that needs more consideration, the appropriate team members may have that conversation after the ceremony. 

7. Not Engaging the Right People

The best Scrum events are those that involve the right people. Involving partners in the wrong events or not involving them at all in the relevant meetings can lead to confusion or delays.

How to do it right:

Make sure the right people from the Scrum Team are present at the meetings and are involved in events where they have a say or need to provide information.

8. Taking care of the performance of each individual

Scrum is by its nature a collective action toward a common objective. That said, an overemphasis on particular goals, individual performance, and total production may breed poisonous competition and reduce the motivation to join in a cooperative endeavour.

How to do it right:

The value provided to the sprint goal should be the primary emphasis, and team members should be motivated to support one another to meet it.

9. Pushing issues until the finish of the sprint

When teams discuss problems but don't do anything about them, they might hold up crucial work and put the sprint objective at risk.

How to do it right:

Use the Daily Scrum to uncover issues early, and take responsibility to address them. When it’s necessary, the Scrum Master may assist in removing difficulties with the process or with the firm.

10. Seeing Scrum ceremonies as mandatory meetings without clear purpose

Maybe the worst error that can be made is to attend all the meetings simply because they are Scrum meetings. If individuals don’t understand why something is occurring, it might affect their engagement and effectiveness.

How to do it right:

Make sure each ritual is connected to what it is designed to accomplish. Sprint Planning should provide a clear strategy and objective for the sprint; Daily Scrum should assist with making changes every day; Sprint Review should allow teams to go over the work and offer comments; and Sprint Retrospective should encourage teams to do better.

These events are more beneficial when teams consider the purpose behind every Scrum function rather than merely following a meeting schedule. So they may allow teams to keep their eye on delivering beneficial product outcomes, speed up decision-making, and foster continued growth. 

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What Are Some of the Free Scrum Ceremony Templates?

Sprint Planning Sheet

Assists teams in defining the sprint objective, reviewing things on the ordered list, assessing how much work they can manage, and determining what work to include in the sprint.

Daily Scrum Template

An easy method for team members to discuss sprint progress, present objectives, impediments, and any planning that needs to be done.

Review Form for the Sprint

Helps teams prepare for the sprint demo, completed work, stakeholder input, product updates, and any potential modifications to the backlog.

Sprint Retrospective Template

Helps the team discuss the things that went well and things that didn’t, and how they may improve their next run.

Template for Backlog Improvement

Helps teams review the forthcoming list items, making sure they understand the requirements, speak about acceptance criteria, estimate work, and prepare for the next Sprint Planning,

Scrum Board Template

Displays the status of the sprint work with stages such as “To Do," “In Progress," "Review," and “Done.”

Sprint Goal Samples

Helps teams be clear on what they want to achieve in a sprint and keeps the work they pick aligned to that objective.

Scrum Ceremonies in Remote & Hybrid Teams

As virtual technologies are used for collaboration, remote teams may easily allow everyone to contribute to the Product Backlog at any moment throughout the sprint (not only at the beginning or finish). This is done to assist in keeping the backlog up-to-date. Bots can also be used in this work. These bots may automatically notify the team through Slack or any other messenger when backlog items are becoming “stale” (out of date) and need to be updated.

Sprint poker prediction is something that the team might conduct as part of improving the list. There are tools available to assist them in getting it done. If you work from home, make sure you have a strategy for adding stuff to the Backlog so it doesn't become out of control.

Here are two ideas from us:

• Clear requirements: When adding a backlog item, provide choices that must be ticked off. If things don’t fit all of the criteria, they shouldn’t go in the backlog.
• By default, make things DEEP. If backlog items are precise, estimated, urgent, and prioritized, then users won't be able to make vague comments to themselves, clogging up the Backlog.

Scrum rituals that are agreed upon by the whole team. Teams operating from home need to understand their routines just as teams in an office do. And the Scrum Master is not the only person who has to make sure the Scrum events are conducted effectively. Scrum teams manage themselves. This means that the responsibility for improving the Scrum rituals resides with everyone in the team.

There is some guidance in the Scrum Guide that is too broad, since it was not written with remote teams in mind. Remember, Scrum is a framework. It advises on how to enhance the team quickly and how to improve the way to work together. But it doesn’t say how to accomplish it.”

Scrum Ceremonies vs Scrum Events: Key Differences

Many people use the phrases “Scrum events” and “Scrum ceremonies” interchangeably, although there is a huge distinction between the two. These occurrences are called Scrum events, as described by Scrum. Agile teams will typically refer to the same organized activities and meetings as “ceremonies.”

There are five events in Scrum. They are Sprint, Sprint Planning, Daily Scrum, Sprint Review, and Sprint Retrospective. These events provide teams with a regular chance to plan work, check in on their progress, get feedback, and refine their processes.

The Sprint provides the backdrop for the other Scrum events and gives the team a fixed timebox in which to construct a Sprint Goal. The team commits during sprint planning to what it will do and how it will do it. The Daily Scrum is a moment for the team to assess their progress toward the Sprint Goal and change the plan to maximize the value of the work. The Sprint Review is the time for the team and partners to review how the Sprint went and how to improve it in the future. Finally, the Sprint Retrospective is about enhancing the team and how work is performed.

So “Scrum ceremonies” is not an official phrase from the Scrum Guide; it is merely a name used colloquially. The framework is best discussed in terms of "events," while “ceremonies” is still often used in Agile settings.

Answering the Rules Questions: 3-5-3, the 5 C’s, and the 20-30-50 Rule

The 3-5-3 rule, the 5 C's (of credit or communication), and the 50-30-20 budgeting rule (or 20-30-50 rule) are all prominent professional frameworks for organizing personal finances, professional relationships, and agile project structures.

The “3-5-3 Rule” of Agile and Scrum

The 3-5-3 pattern breaks down the core elements of a Scrum project into 11 discrete chunks that are typically used as a memory aid:

There are 3 roles: a product owner, a Scrum master, and developers.

The five events are Sprint, Sprint Planning, Daily Scrum, Sprint Review, and Sprint Retrospective.

There are 3 artifacts. They are the product backlog, sprint backlog, and increment.

The 5 C’s

The 5 C's are generally either Communication or Credit Evaluation, depending on the area of study:

The 5 C’s of Talking to People:

Clarity: Use clear, plain language. Don’t use ambiguous phrases or vocabulary.

Short and sweet: Cut the fluff and save time.

Concrete: Provide real-world facts and data to support abstract ideas.

Check that all the spelling, phrasing, and figures are right.

Give the audience the background material they need to grasp the what, the why, and the when.

What Are the 5 C’s of Credit (Lending)?

Capacity: How easy it will be to pay off the obligations based on the debt-to-income ratio and cash flow.

Capital is the money or personal investment put into an asset or enterprise.

Collateral is property pledged as security for a loan.

Outward economic developments or the aim of the loan might modify the risk of the loan.

The 50-30-20 Rule When Preparing a Budget

Sometimes spelled backward or mistakenly referred to as the “20-30-50 rule,” this classic money-saving advice Basically it separates the monthly net income (after taxes) into 3 main groups:

50% for Needs: Things that can't be lived without, like rent, bills, food, and basic transit.

30% for Wants: Things like going out to eat, hobbies, and entertaining things to do.

20% for ambitions, assets, catastrophe savings, and additional loan payments for the future. 

How Can AI Improve Scrum Ceremonies? 

Scrum teams may utilize AI to reduce paperwork, stay organized, and guide teams to spend their time more effectively during Scrum events. AI may support Scrum Masters, Product Owners, and development teams with decision-making and working together but should not replace humans.

In Sprint Planning, AI technologies may assist in looking at items on the list, establishing connections, explaining needs, and suggesting fresh ideas based on data from previous sprints. It allows teams to properly prepare themselves before deciding what work to undertake in the sprint.

AI is able to summarize the updates for the Daily Scrum, point out issues that keep coming back, and spot jobs that may require attention. That means that the team may discuss issues that require support from everyone instead of having to write down information all the time.

Artificial intelligence may also aid during Sprint Reviews by aggregating comments from stakeholders, summarizing talks, and discovering requests or issues that are coming up again and again. Product owners may utilize these findings to choose what will be prioritized in the future.

During Sprint Retrospectives, AI may evaluate comments from previous retrospectives and spot recurring themes, such as communication difficulties, delays, or process challenges. It may help teams transform observations into action that may help things improve.

So,  artificial intelligencecan help make Scrum events more meaningful and data-driven. AI-generated ideas are an extra source of information, not the sole source teams utilize to make decisions. Human thinking, team effort, and input from stakeholders are still needed for Scrum to be successful. 

Conclusion 

Scrum ceremonies are necessary for the effective functioning of work in teams using the Scrum method. Knowing the goals of ceremonies and training teams to conduct them will allow benefiting from working with the Scrum framework.

All Scrum team members should understand that each ceremony is vital. It is manifested in the continuous cycle of planning, developing, reviewing, and re-planning during a sprint. Moreover, upholding such a cycle helps project teams effectively follow the core principles of doing business and remain consistent in achieving high-quality deliverables. Therefore, being aware of the purpose of each event will contribute to the effective collaboration of teams using either the Scrum framework or the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe).